Acta mathematica scientia, Series B >
VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR NONLOCAL CONTINUUM MODEL OF ORTHOTROPIC GRAPHENE SHEETS EMBEDDED IN AN ELASTIC MEDIUM
Received date: 2011-11-17
Online published: 2012-01-20
Supported by
The research reported in this paper was supported by research grants from the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) and from National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa. The author gratefully acknowledge the support provided by UKZN and NRF.
Equations governing the vibrations and buckling of multilayered orthotropic graphene sheets can be expressed as a system of n partial differential equations where n refers to the number of sheets. This description is based on the continuum model of the graphene sheets which can also take the small scale effects into account by employing a nonlocal theory. In the present article a variational principle is derived for the nonlocal elastic theory of rectangular graphene sheets embedded in an elastic medium and undergo-ingtransverse vibrations. Moreover the graphene sheets are subject to biaxial compression. Rayleigh quotients are obtained for the frequencies of freely vibrating graphene sheets and for the buckling load. The influence of small scale effects on the frequencies and the buckling load can be observed qualiatively from the expressions of the Rayleigh quotients. Elastic medium is modeled as a combination of Winkler and Pasternak foundations acting on the top and bottom layers of the mutilayered nano-structure. Natural boundary con-ditions of the problem are derived using the variational principle formulated in the study. It is observed that free boundaries lead to coupled boundary conditions due to nonlocal theory used in the continuum formulation while the local (classical) elasticity theory leads to uncoupled boundary conditions. The mathematical methods used in the study involve
calculus of variations and the semi-inverse method for deriving the variational integrals.
Sarp Adali . VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR NONLOCAL CONTINUUM MODEL OF ORTHOTROPIC GRAPHENE SHEETS EMBEDDED IN AN ELASTIC MEDIUM[J]. Acta mathematica scientia, Series B, 2012 , 32(1) : 325 -338 . DOI: 10.1016/S0252-9602(12)60020-4
[1] Geim A K, Novoselov K S. The rise of graphene. Nature Materials, 2007, 6(3): 183–191
[2] Reddy C D, Rajendran S, Liew K M. Equilibrium configuration and continuum elastic properties of finite
sized graphene. Nanotechnology, 2006, 17(3): 864–870
[3] Poot M,van der Zant H S J. Nanomechanical properties of few-layergraphene membranes. Applied Physics
Letters, 2008, 92(6): 063111
[4] Cranford S W, Buehler M J. Mechanical properties of graphyne. Carbon, 2011, 49(13): 4111–4121
[5] Stankovich S, Dikin D A, Dommett G H B, Kohlhaas K M, Zimney E J, Stach E A, Piner R D, Nguyen S T, Ruoff R S. Graphene-based composite materials. Nature, 2006, 442: 282–286
[6] Montazeri A, Rafii-Tabar H. Multiscale modeling of graphene- and nanotube-based reinforced polymer
nanocomposites. Physics Letters A, 2011, 375(45): 4034–4040
[7] Bunch J S, van der Zande A M, Verbridge S S, Frank I W, Tanenbaum D M, Parpia J M, Craighead H G, McEuen P L. Electromechanical resonators from graphene sheets. Science, 2007, 315: 490–493
[8] Sun T, Wang Z L, Shi Z J, Ran G Z, Xu W J, Wang Z Y, Li Y Z, Dai L, Qin G G. Multilayered graphene used as anode of organic light emitting devices. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 96(13): 133301
[9] Yuan C, Hou L, Yang L, Fan C, Li D, Li J, Shen L, Zhang F, Zhang X. Interface-hydrothermal synthesis
of Sn3S4/graphene sheet composites and their application in electrochemical capacitors. Material Letters,
2011, 65(2): 374–377
[10] Arsat R, Breedon M, Shafiei M, Spizziri P G, Gilje S, Kaner R B, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Wlodarski W.
Graphene-like nano-sheets for surface acoustic wave gas sensor applications. Chemical Physics Letters,
2009, 467(4–6): 344–347
[11] Lian P, Zhu X, Liang S, Li Z, Yang W, Wang H. Large reversible capacity of high quality graphene sheets
as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 2010, 55(12): 3909–3914
[12] Mishra A K, Ramaprabhu S. Functionalized graphene sheets for arsenic removal and desalination of sea
water. Desalination, 2011, 282: 39–45
[13] Choi S M, Seo M H, Kim H J, Kim W B. Synthesis of surface-functionalized graphene nanosheets with high Pt-loadings and their applications to methanol electrooxidation. Carbon, 2011, 49(3): 904–909
[14] Yang M, Javadi A, Gong S. Sensitive electrochemical immuno-sensor for the detection of cancer biomarker
using quantum dot functionalized graphene sheets as labels. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2011, 155(1): 357–360
[15] Feng L, Chen Y, Ren J, Qu X. A graphene functionalized electrochemical apta-sensor forselective label-free
detection of cancer cells. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(11): 2930–2937
[16] Soldano C, Mahmood A, Dujardin E. Production, properties and potential of graphene. Carbon, 2010, 48(8): 2127–2150
[17] Terrones M, Botello-M′endez A R, Campos-Delgado J, L′opez-Ur′?as F, Vega-Cant′u Y I, Rodr′?guez-Mac′?as F J, El′?as A L, Mu?noz-Sandoval E, Cano-M′arquez A G, Charlier J-C, Terrones H. Graphene and graphite nanoribbons: Morphology, properties, synthesis, defects and applications. Nano Today, 2010, 5(4): 351–372
[18] He L H, Lim C W, Wu B S. A continuum model for size-dependent deformation of elastic films of nano-scale
thickness. Int J Solids Struct, 2004, 41: 847–857
[19] Kitipornchai S, He X Q, Liew K M. Continuum model for the vibration of multilayered graphene sheets. Phys Reviews B, 2005, 72: 075443
[20] Arash B, Wang Q. Discrete homogenization in graphene sheet modeling. J Elasticity, 2006, 84(1): 33–68
[21] Hemmasizade A, Mahzoon M, Hadi E, Khandan R. A method for developing the equivalent continuum
model of a single layer graphene sheet. Thin Solid Films, 2008, 516: 7636–7640
[22] Arash B, Wang Q, Caillerie D, Mourad A, Raoult A. A review on the application of nonlocal elastic models
in modeling of carbon nanotubes and graphenes. Comp Mater Sci, 2012, 51(1): 303–313
[23] Chang T, Gao H. Size-dependent elastic properties of a single-walled carbon nanotube via a molecular
mechanics model. J Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2003, 51: 1059–1074
[24] Sun C T, Zhang H T. Size-dependent elastic moduli of platelike nanomaterials. J Appl Phys, 2003, 93: 1212–1218
[25] Ni Z, Bu H, Zou M, Yi H, Bi K, Chen Y. Anisotropic mechanical properties of graphene sheets from
molecular dynamics. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2010, 405(5): 1301–1306
[26] Edelen D G B, Laws N. On the thermodynamics of systems with nonlocality. Arch Rational Mech Anal, 1971, 43: 24–35
[27] Eringen A C. Linear theory of nonlocal elasticity and dispersion of plane waves. Int J Engineering Science,
1972, 10: 425–435
[28] Eringen AC. Nonlocal polar elastic continua. Int J Engineering Science, 1972, 10: 1–16
[29] Eringen A C. Nonlocal Continuum Field Theories. New York: Springer, 2002
[30] Murmu T, Pradhan S C. Vibration analysis of nano-single-layered graphene sheets embedded in elastic
medium based on nonlocal elasticity theory. J Appl Phys, 2009, 105: 064319
[31] Shen L, Shen H-S, Zhang C-L. Nonlocal plate model for nonlinear vibration of single layer graphene sheets
in thermal environments. Comp Mater Sci, 2010, 48: 680
[32] Narendar S, Gopalakrishnan S. Strong nonlocalization induced by small scale parameter on terahertz
flexural wave dispersion characteristics of a monolayer graphene. Physica E, 2010, 43: 423–430
[33] He X Q, Kitipornchai S, Liew K M. Resonance analysis of multi-layered graphene sheets used as nanoscale
resonators. Nanotechnology, 2005, 16: 2086–2091
[34] Behfar K, Naghdabadi R. Nanoscale vibrational analysis of a multi-layered graphene sheet embedded in
an elastic medium. Composites Science and Technology, 2005, 65: 1159–1164
[35] Liew K M, He X Q, Kitipornchai S. Predicting nano vibration of multi-layered graphene sheets embedded
in an elastic matrix. Acta Mater, 2006, 54: 4229–4236
[36] Jomehzadeh E, Saidi A R. A study on large amplitude vibration of multilayered graphene sheets. Com-
putational Materials Science, 2011, 50: 1043–1051
[37] Shi J-X, Ni Q-Q, Lei X-W, Natsuki T. Nonlocal elasticity theory for the buckling of double-layer graphene
nanoribbons based on a continuum model. Computational Materials Science, 2011, 50(11): 3085–3090
[38] Pradhan S C, Phadikar J K. Scale e?ect and buckling analysis of multilayered graphene sheets based on
nonlocal continuum mechanics. J Computational Theoretical Nanoscience, 2010, 7(10): 1948–1954
[39] Arash B, Wang Q. Vibration of single- and double-layered graphene sheets. J Nanotechnology in Engi-
neering and Medicine, 2011, 2(1): 011012
[40] Pradhan S C, Phadikar J K. Small scale e?ect on vibration of embedded multilayered graphene sheets
based on nonlocal continuum models. Phys Lett A, 2009, 373: 1062–1069
[41] Pradhan S C, Kumar A. Vibration analysis of orthotropic graphene sheets embedded in Pasternak elastic
medium using nonlocal elasticity theory and di?erential quadrature method. Computational Materials Science, 2010, 50: 239–245
[42] Ansari R,Rajabiehfard R, ArashB. Nonlocal finite element model forvibrations of embedded multi-layered
graphene sheets. Computational Materials Science, 2010, 49: 831–838
[43] Pradhan S C, Kumar A. Vibration analysis of orthotropic graphene sheets using nonlocal elasticity theory
and di?erential quadrature method. Composite Structures, 2011, 93: 774–779
[44] Wang L, He X. Vibration of a multilayered graphene sheet with initial stress. J Nanotechnology in
Engineering and Medicine, 2010, 1(4): 041004
[45] Adali S. Variational principles and natural boundary conditions for multilayered orthotropic graphene
sheets undergoing vibrations and based on nonlocal elastic theory. J Theoretical Applied Mechanics, 2011,
49(3): 621–639
[46] Adali S. Variational principles for multi-walled carbon nanotubes undergoing buckling based on nonlocal
elasticity theory. Physics Letters A, 2008, 372: 5701–5705
[47] Adali S. Variational principles for transversely vibrating multi-walled carbon nanotubes based on nonlocal
Euler-Bernoulli beam model. Nano Letters, 2009, 9(5): 1737–1741
[48] Adali S. Variational principles for multi-walled carbon nanotubes undergoing nonlinear vibrations by semi-
inverse method. Micro and Nano Letters, 2009, 4: 198–203
[49] Kucuk I, Sadek IS, Adali S.Variational principles formulti-walledcarbon nanotubes undergoing vibrations
based on nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory. J Nanomaterials, 2010, 2010: 1–7
[50] Adali S. Variational formulation for buckling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes modelled as nonlocal Tim-
oshenko beams. J Theoretical Applied Mechanics, 2012, to appear
[51] He J-H. Semi-inverse method of establishing generalized variational principles for fluid mechanics with
emphasis on turbomachinery aerodynamics. Int J Turbo Jet-Engines, 1997, 14: 23–28
[52] He J-H. Variational principles for some nonlinear partial di?erential equations with variable coe?cients.
Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 2004, 19: 847–851
[53] He J-H. Variational approach to (2 +1)-dimensional dispersive long water equations. Phys Lett A, 2005,
335: 182–184
[54] He J-H. Variational theory for one-dimensional longitudinal beam dynamics. Phys Lett A, 2006, 352: 276–277
[55] He J-H. Variational principle for two-dimensional incompressible inviscid flow. Phys Lett A, 2007, 371:
39–40
[56] Liu H-M. Generalized variational principles for ion acoustic plasma waves by He’s semi-inverse method.
Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 2005, 23: 573–576
[57] Zhou W X. Variational approach to the Broer-Kaup-Kupershmidt equation. Phys Lett A, 2006, 363: 108–109
[58] Eringen A C. On di?erential equations of nonlocal elasticity and solutions of screw dislocation and surface
waves. J Appl Phys, 1983, 54(9): 4703–4710
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |