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    26 December 2026, Volume 46 Issue 6 Previous Issue   
    The Boundedness of the Product Linear Operator from ${H_{b_1,b_2}^{p,w}(\mathbb{R} ^n\times\mathbb{R}^m)}$ to ${L^p_w}(\mathbb{R}^{n+m})$
    Taotao Zheng, Jiayi Lu, Yanmei Xiao, Xuhuan Zhou
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2075-2092. 
    Abstract ( 30 )   RICH HTML   PDF (681KB) ( 22 )   Save

    This paper establishes a general method for proving the boundedness of a class of product linear operators from weighted product Hardy spaces associated with para-accretive functions to weighted product Lebesgue spaces. Firstly, by using the discrete Calderón reproducing formula, the equivalent characterizations of both the continuous and discrete forms for the weighted product Hardy spaces ${H_{b_1,b_2}^{p,w}(\mathbb{R} ^n\times\mathbb{R}^m)}$ associated with para-accretive functions $b_1$ and $b_2$ are established. Then, combining the density proposition and the norm domination relationship between the $H_{b_1,b_2}^{p,w}(\mathbb{R} ^n\times\mathbb{R}^m)$ norm and the $ L^p_w(\mathbb{R} ^{n+m})$ norm for $f \in L^q(\mathbb{R} ^{n+m}) \cap H_{b_1,b_2}^{p,w}(\mathbb{R} ^n\times\mathbb{R}^m)$, the main results are obtained. As an application, the boundedness of generalized product Calderón-Zygmund operators from product Hardy spaces associated with para-accretive functions to product Lebesgue spaces is established. This approach avoids using the atomic decomposition theory of product Hardy spaces associated with para-accretive functions and the Journé covering lemma.

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    The Split Common Fixed Point Problem for Countable Families of Quasi-Nonexpansive Mappings in CAT(0) Spaces
    Dongxue Gao, Liang Yan, Weiqi Deng
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2093-2105. 
    Abstract ( 30 )   RICH HTML   PDF (587KB) ( 14 )   Save

    This paper studies the split common fixed point problem for countable families of quasi-nonexpansive mappings in a CAT(0) space. To solve this problem, a Mann-type iterative algorithm is proposed, and the weakly convergence of the generated sequence is established under appropriate conditions. Compared with existing methods, the proposed algorithm constructs the iterative process in a more general space setting, thereby extending the applicability of the split common fixed point problem and improving related theoretical results.

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    Variational Principle for Weighted BS-Covering Dimension on Subsets
    Yuanyuan Zhang, Yunping Wang
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2106-2116. 
    Abstract ( 24 )   RICH HTML   PDF (570KB) ( 15 )   Save

    In this paper, we introduce the concept of the weighted BS-Covering dimension and establish a Billingsley-type theorem for it. We also prove a variational principle relating the weighted BS-local measure dimension to the weighted BS-Covering dimension.

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    Some Local Estimates and a Uniqueness Result for the Entire Poly-Harmonic Heat Flow
    Min Gao
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2117-2139. 
    Abstract ( 18 )   RICH HTML   PDF (639KB) ( 10 )   Save

    We consider smooth solutions to the poly-harmonic heat equation $\partial_tu+\Delta^{2m}u=0$ on $\mathbb{R} ^n\times (0,T]$. We focus on solutions satisfying a global growth condition: $|\Delta u|(x,t)^2\leq k_0t^{-1/m}$ for some constant $k_0>0$. We establish local estimates (in space and time) for such solutions and demonstrate how these estimates imply uniqueness of smooth solutions within this class. Finally, we provide an example to illustrate the naturalness of this control condition.

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    The Unstable Shock Formation for 2D Isentropic Compressible Euler Equations with Damping
    Wanqing Zhu
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2140-2166. 
    Abstract ( 21 )   RICH HTML   PDF (733KB) ( 16 )   Save

    In this paper, we consider the unstable blowup mechanism for 2D isentropic compressible Euler equations with damping under azimuthal symmetry. We construct a suitable self-similar coordinate transformation for the damped Euler equations which is different from the general Euler equations. Besides, we also choose a kind of initial data which asymptotically converges to the unstable $C^{{1}/{5}}$ self-similar solution of the Burgers equation with damping. In addition, we introduce the modulation variables and the Newton iteration to describe the unstable shock. Further, the blowup profile has a cusp singularity of $C^{{1}/{5}}$ Hölder regularity at the blowup time.

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    Generalized Darboux Transformation and High Order Soliton Solutions of the Complex Short Pulse Equation
    Fengdie He, Yuanyuan Miao, Hui Mao
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2167-2182. 
    Abstract ( 16 )   RICH HTML   PDF (2423KB) ( 11 )   Save

    This paper begins by transforming the complex short pulse (CSP) equation into an associated CSP equation through a reciprocal transformation, and subsequently derives the determinant representation of the $N$-fold Darboux transformation for the CSP equation, thereby constructing its generalized Darboux transformation. As an application, the generalized Darboux transformation is employed to derive high order soliton solutions for the CSP equation under the zero seed solution. Through concrete examples, the dynamical behaviors of certain high order soliton solutions are graphically analyzed, revealing the nonlinear interaction characteristics of smooth soliton solutions, cuspon soliton solutions, and loop soliton solutions.

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    Soliton Molecules, Soliton Resonances and Breather Positon Solutions for the General Coupled Derivative Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
    Pingping Zeng, Pingan Zeng, Guoan Xu
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2183-2195. 
    Abstract ( 15 )   RICH HTML   PDF (1606KB) ( 14 )   Save

    In this paper, we focus on the general coupled derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation which is distinguished by the nonlinear self-steepening of narrow pulses. Based on the Lax pair, the $N$-fold Darboux transformation in the form of determinants. Subsequently, using the Darboux transformation and limiting techniques, we can systematically study the soliton molecules, solitons resonances and breather positons for the general coupled derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation. By choosing the zero seed solutions, different types of $N$-soliton molecules and the soliton resonances with soliton molecules and the dark soliton/breather-like soliton are obtained. Then by choosing the nonzero seed solutions, the higher-order breather positons can be derived. It is noteworthy that the central region of breather positons manifests rogue waves, thus prompting the proposal that they may elucidate the underlying mechanism of rogue wave generation. The approach shown in this paper to gain the soliton interaction solutions and breather positons can contribute to the research field of physical phenomena.

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    Unique Continuation and Observability of Higher-Order Linear Parabolic Equation in $\mathbb{R}^n$
    Guojie Zheng, Longhan Ye, Li Zhu, Xin Yu
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2196-2206. 
    Abstract ( 17 )   RICH HTML   PDF (619KB) ( 13 )   Save

    This paper study the observability and unique continuation property of higher-order linear parabolic equations in the whole space. First, the relationship between thick set and spectral inequality is discussed. Secondly, by using spectral inequality, a class of Hölder-type interpolation inequality for the solution of this equation is investigated. Furthermore, with the help of this inequality, the quantitative unique continuation property of this equation in the whole space can be obtained. Finally, the observability estimate for linear higher-order parabolic equations in $\mathbb{R}^n$ is proved by Lebeau-Robbiano strategy.

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    Existence of Normalized Solutions for the $p$-Laplacian Schrödinger-Poisson Equations with Logarithmic Nonlinearity
    Mingxue Li, Chunliu Chen, Jiafeng Zhang
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2207-2224. 
    Abstract ( 17 )   RICH HTML   PDF (667KB) ( 12 )   Save

    This paper study the $p$-Laplacian Schrödinger-Poisson equations with logarithmic nonlinearity. By decomposing the logarithmic term, it is shown that the energy functional for this problem is of class $C^1$. By the Ekeland variational principle and truncation techniques, the existence of normalized solutions for the equation is obtained in both the $L^p$-mass subcritical and $L^p$-mass supercritical cases, and $C^{1,\alpha}$ local regularity of weak solution is obtained.

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    Local Besov Estimates for the Gradient of Weak Solutions to Nonhomogeneous Elliptic Obstacle Problems
    Jiahui Yao, Yuxia Tong
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2225-2238. 
    Abstract ( 15 )   RICH HTML   PDF (599KB) ( 13 )   Save

    This paper studies the obstacle problem corresponding to non-homogeneous elliptic equations. By establishing appropriate admissible functions and using techniques such as variational inequalities, Young's inequality for $N$-functions, and the finite difference method, a local Besov estimate for the gradient of the weak solution of the elliptic obstacle problem in a bounded open domain is established.

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    Dynamical Mechanisms and Energy Conversion in Rayleigh-Bénard Convection
    Heyuan Wang, Xianghong He
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2239-2250. 
    Abstract ( 17 )   RICH HTML   PDF (1269KB) ( 13 )   Save

    Numerous studies have addressed the stability of fluid between two thermally conducting plates (abbreviate frequently as Rayleigh-Bénard convection), the Lorenz system serves as the classical model of Rayleigh-Bénard convection problems and provides a paradigm from the laminar to turbulent transition. In this paper we study the dynamical mechanism and energy conversion of the Lorenz equation, the Lorenz chaotic system is transformed into a Kolmogorov-type system, which is decomposed into four types of torques: inertial torque, internal torque, dissipation and external torque. By combining different torques, the key factors for the generation of chaos in the Lorenz system-the mathematical model corresponding to the Rayleigh-Bénard convection problem have been studied. We further investigate the conversion among Hamiltonian, kinetic and potential energies, as well as the correlation between the energies and the Reynolds number. It is concluded that the combination of the four torques is necessary to produce chaos, and the system can produce chaos only when the dissipative torques match the driving (external) torques. While any combination of three types of torques cannot produce chaos. The external torque, driven by heat from the bottom plate, supplies energy, and that leads to produce roll vortex and chaos. Moreover, we introduce the Casimir function to analyze the system dynamics, and choose its derivation formulate the energy conversion. The bound of chaotic attractor is obtained by the Casimir function and Lagrange multiplier. It is found that the Casimir function reflects the energy conversion and the distance between the orbit and the equilibria.

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    Existence of Pullback Attractors for a Class of Incompressible Non-Newtonian Micropolar Fluids
    Tianfang Wu, Kaile Chen, Wenlong Sun
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2251-2263. 
    Abstract ( 19 )   RICH HTML   PDF (613KB) ( 13 )   Save

    In this paper, we investigate the pullback dynamical behavior of a class of incompressible non-Newtonian micropolar fluids in 2D bounded domains. Specifically, by establishing a-prior estimates of the solutions and then verifying that the process generated by the solution operator has the pullback flattening property, we obtain the existence of the pullback attractor.

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    First-Order Operator Splitting Method for Unsteady Micropolar Fluid Equations
    Aosiman Anikezi
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2264-2276. 
    Abstract ( 14 )   RICH HTML   PDF (808KB) ( 7 )   Save

    This paper discusses the first-order operator splitting method for 2D/3D unsteady micropolar fluid equations. The method is discretized by the first-order Euler scheme in the time direction and the coordinated finite element method in the space direction. The unconditional stability and error estimation of the first-order semi-discrete operator splitting method are given, and the corresponding fully discrete scheme is proposed. The unconditional stability conclusion of the first-order fully discrete scheme is proved. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the method are verified by numerical examples.

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    Stable Numerical Differentiation for the Caputo Fractional OrderDerivatives of Order between 1 and 2
    Jie Zhou, Zhousheng Ruan, Zhenzhen Xie, Junjie Zhu
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2277-2290. 
    Abstract ( 18 )   RICH HTML   PDF (550KB) ( 15 )   Save

    In this paper, a class of regularization methods for solving the 1st to 2nd order Caputo fractional derivatives with perturbation data is proposed based on Lavrentiev regularization idea. Then, under a priori assumptions on the exact data, the convergence rates of the regularized fractional derivatives are proved for both a priori and a posteriori parameter choice strategies.Finally, a numerical calculation scheme for regularized fractional derivatives is designed using the numerical integration rule, and the effectiveness and stability of the numerical calculation scheme are verified through numerical examples.

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    Berry-Esséen Bound for the Moments Estimation of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Processes Driven by a Class of Gaussian Processes Based on Discrete Observations
    Hua Yi, Zheng Tang, Haili Yang
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2291-2304. 
    Abstract ( 23 )   RICH HTML   PDF (648KB) ( 12 )   Save

    This paper studies the statistical inference problem for the unknown drift parameter $\theta$ of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process driven by a class of Gaussian processes, defined by $d \zeta_t=-\theta \zeta_t d t+\sigma d G_t, \quad t\in[0,T],$ under discrete observations at points $t_j = j\Delta_n$, $j = 1, \dots, n$, where $\Delta_n$ represents the observation step size, $n$ is the sample size, and $T_n = n\Delta_n$ denotes the entire observation interval. We first construct a moment estimator $\theta$. Then, the strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the moment estimator $\tilde{\theta}_{n}$ are established when the Hurst index $H \in (0, \frac{3}{4})$. Further, Furthermore, we derive the convergence rate of $\sqrt{n}(\tilde{\theta}_{n} - \theta)$ to a normal distribution, that is, the Berry-Esséen type upper bound. This result is superior to the work of Douissi et al. (2022) in the framework of stationary Gaussian processes, as it not only provides a sharper upper bound but also applies to a wide range of stationary and non-stationary fractional Gaussian processes, including fractional Brownian motion, sub-fractional Brownian motion, bi-fractional Brownian motion, generalized sub-fractional Brownian motion, and general fractional Brownian motion. The key method is the formula for estimating the Kolmogorov distance between two random variables based on the Delta method obtained by Tang et al. (2025).

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    General Results on Precise Asymptotics for Complete Integral Convergence under Sublinear Expectation Space
    Dandan Fei, Zongkui Fu
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2305-2316. 
    Abstract ( 13 )   RICH HTML   PDF (566KB) ( 12 )   Save

    Let $\{X,X_n;n\geq 1\}$ be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables under sublinear expectation space, by using the convergence of independent sequences and the capacity inequality, we establish the general results on precise asymptotics for complete integral convergence, which improve and generalize the existing results.

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    4×4 Optimal Ranked Set Sampling Design for Estimation of Population Mean and its Properties under the Criterion of Minimum Mean Squared Error
    Mengjuan Fu, Wangxue Chen, Deji Wang, Qian Cao
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2317-2328. 
    Abstract ( 25 )   RICH HTML   PDF (571KB) ( 25 )   Save

    Balanced ranked set sampling (RSS) is suitable for statistical inference when the population distribution is completely unknown, but if some information about the population distribution is available, the efficiency of statistical inference can be further improved by using certain criteria. Under the criterion of minimum mean square error (MSE), existing literature has found the 3×3 optimal RSS designs for the normal distribution, uniform distribution, and exponential distribution. This paper presents the MSE of estimation of population mean under 4×4 RSS designs and its 35 designs. Based on the criterion of minimum MSE, general conclusions for finding the 4×4 optimal RSS design is given. To improve the accuracy of estimation, the MSE of estimation of population mean under the cyclic 4×4 optimal RSS design is further studied. For the normal distribution, uniform distribution, and exponential distribution, the 4×4 optimal RSS designs under the criterion of minimum MSE are derived. By further studying the MSE of estimation of population mean under the cyclic 4×4 optimal RSS design for these distributions, the research results show that the MSE of estimation of population mean for these distributions under the cyclic 4×4 optimal RSS design continuously decreases with the increase of cycles.

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    A Class of Linearly Implicit Structure-Preserving Relaxation Methods
    Haodong Pu, Maohua Ran
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2329-2348. 
    Abstract ( 14 )   RICH HTML   PDF (2361KB) ( 5 )   Save

    This paper proposes a new structure-preserving numerical algorithm for autonomous ordinary differential equation systems with significant applications in engineering and physics. Based on the framework of general linear methods, the algorithm modifies coefficients of conventional methods through relaxation parameters, achieving precise preservation of key geometric features including Hamiltonian structure and energy conservation laws. The constructed relaxed general linear method combines advantages of linear-implicit formulation and high-order accuracy. Theoretical analysis and numerical experiments on typical physical systems-such as the Landau-Lifshitz equation, Kepler equation, and sine-Gordon equation-demonstrate that the relaxed algorithm significantly improves computational efficiency while maintaining the absolute stability region of original methods, and exhibits superior performance in structure preservation and energy conservation. This method extends the relaxation technique to the framework of general linear methods, constructing a class of linearly implicit structure-preserving algorithms suitable for autonomous ordinary differential equation systems, which can be employed for long-time, high-precision simulations of relevant physical models.

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    Traveling Wave Solutions to a Class of SVIR Model with Distributed Delay and Nonlocal Dispersal
    Xiaoqin Qiu, Yunrui Yang
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2349-2370. 
    Abstract ( 18 )   RICH HTML   PDF (627KB) ( 14 )   Save

    Traveling wave solutions for a class of SVIR model with distributed delay and nonlocal dispersal are considered. By the construction of upper and lower solutions and with the help of Schauder's fixed-point theorem, limit theory, analytical techniques, and Lyapunov function methods, the existence of traveling wave solutions for this model is established. Particularly, it is essential to use analytical techniques more detailed for testifying the asymptotic boundary conditions of traveling waves since it becomes more difficult for the boundedness of traveling waves and the construction of Lyapunov functions for the presence of distributed delay in the model. Moreover, the non-existence of traveling waves is obtained by asymptotic spreading theory and a contradiction argument. Therefore, the results on traveling waves for delay-free and discrete time-delay SVIR models are not only extended to the case of distributed delay, but the research of traveling waves in vaccination-stratified epidemic models is enriched and completed.

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    Traveling Wave Solutions of a Class of Predator-Prey Models with the Fear Effect
    Guangquan Zhang, Jingxin Wang
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2371-2386. 
    Abstract ( 17 )   RICH HTML   PDF (854KB) ( 5 )   Save

    This work investigates traveling wave solutions in a predator-prey system incorporating fear effects. We establish the existence of such solutions through Schauder's fixed-point theorem and rigorously analyze their boundedness properties. The analysis reveals that bounded traveling wave solutions emerge when the wave speed exceeds a critical threshold $c^*$. These results demonstrate that fear effects significantly influence population dynamics, particularly in spatial propagation processes. The study advances the mathematical understanding of predator-prey interactions while providing a quantitative framework to assess fear-induced ecological phenomena.

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    Study on Stochastic Bifurcation of a Single-Species Dynamics Model with Allee Effect and Fear Effect
    Shengdan Wang, Xingwang Yu, Tiantian Liu, Yifan Wei
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2387-2396. 
    Abstract ( 13 )   RICH HTML   PDF (892KB) ( 6 )   Save

    This paper proposes a stochastic single-species model with Allee effect and fear effect. Based on the theory of stochastic dynamical systems, the survivability of the model is analyzed, and it is found that the survival characteristics are determined by a critical parameter $\sigma$. Specifically, when $\sigma \leq 0$, the population goes extinct; when $\sigma > 0$, the system admits a unique non-trivial stationary distribution with an explicit density function, indicating the persistence of the population. Moreover, the parameter $\sigma$ governs both the D-bifurcation and P-bifurcation of the system. In particular, variations in the noise intensity can induce three significant changes in the shape of the density function, leading to triple P-bifurcations. Ecologically, high levels of noise increase the risk of population extinction, while moderate noise levels contribute to maintaining ecological balance. This study reveals the combined regulatory effects of noise and ecological effects on population dynamics, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the persistence mechanisms of populations in stochastic environments.

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    A Stochastic SIQS Epidemic Model Driven by Lévy Noise with Logistic Growth and Psychological Effects
    Yanjun Zhao, Lingguang Huo, Li Su, Xiaohui Sun, Wenxuan Li
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2397-2417. 
    Abstract ( 14 )   RICH HTML   PDF (1643KB) ( 7 )   Save

    A class of stochastic SIQS epidemic model driven by Lévy noise with Logistic growth and psychological effects is investigated. Firstly, the existence and uniqueness of the global positive solution of the model are proved by constructing Lyapunov function and applying $\rm It\hat{o}'s$ formula. Secondly, the asymptotic properties of the stochastic model at the disease-free equilibrium point and the endemic equilibrium point of the corresponding deterministic model are analyzed. Thirdly, the stochastic basic reproduction number $R_{0}^{s}$ is defined for the stochastic SIQS model. Under certain conditions, sufficient criteria for disease extinction and persistence are established by leveraging $R_{0}^{s}$ and $\rm It\hat{o}'s$ formula. Finally, the correctness of the theoretical analysis results is verified by numerical simulation.

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    Multistability of Fractional-Order Cohen-Grossberg Neural Networks with Time-Varying Delays and State-Dependent Switching
    Hongxun Dong, Liguang Wan, Ailong Wu
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2418-2432. 
    Abstract ( 14 )   RICH HTML   PDF (771KB) ( 8 )   Save

    This paper primarily investigates the coexistence and stability of multiple equilibrium points for fractional-order Cohen-Grossberg neural networks (SFCGNNs) with time-varying delays and state-dependent switching. By employing the state space partition method, the existence of $5^n$ equilibrium points for SFCGNNs is established. To demonstrate the asymptotic stability of $3^n$ equilibrium points among them, the Lyapunov method is adopted. Additionally, sufficient conditions are derived to confirm the instability of the remaining equilibrium points. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed results.

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    Performance Analysis and Optimal Control Policy for a Uninterrupted Multiple Vacations and Bernoulli Feedback Queue Under the $(m,N)$-Policy
    Yun Zhu, Yinghui Tang, Miaomiao Yu, Qionglin Liu
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2433-2450. 
    Abstract ( 21 )   RICH HTML   PDF (885KB) ( 14 )   Save

    This paper studies an $M/G/1$ queueing system with Bernoulli feedback and uninterrupted multiple vacations under $(m,N)$-policy, in which the server immediately activates the system upon returning from vacation if the number of customers reaches or exceeds a predefined lower threshold $m(\geq 1)$. After the system startup is completed, the server begins service only if the number of customers is not less than a predefined upper threshold $N(\geq m)$, continuing until the system becomes empty again. Utilizing the stochastic decomposition theorem for the steady-state queue length distribution, explicit expressions for the probability generating function (PGF) and the average queue size are derived. Furthermore, other important queueing performance indicators of the system are also discussed, such as the probabilities of the server busy and non-busy period in the steady state, as well as the number of consecutive vacations taken by the server. Through numerical examples, sensitivity analyses are conducted to examine the effects of the parameters $m$, $N$, the startup time, and the server vacation time on the mean additional queue length and the system idle probability. Finally, the objective function of the long-run expected cost per unit time of the system is constructed by applying the renewal reward theorem. Numerical examples are presented to discuss the bi-level optimal control strategy $(m^*,N^*)$ that minimizes the long-run expected cost per unit time of the system, and the impact of system activation time, server vacation time and customer feedback rate on the expected cost and optimal control strategy are also analyzed.

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    Optimization and Strategy Analysis of a Vacation Queueing System with Two Types of Breakdowns and Two-Stage Service
    Jiaxin Zhang, Ruiling Tian, Dongxiao Hu, Haonan Zheng
    Acta mathematica scientia,Series A. 2026, 46 (6):  2451-2464. 
    Abstract ( 22 )   RICH HTML   PDF (1229KB) ( 8 )   Save

    Based on practical application scenarios, a Markovian vacation queueing system with two types of breakdowns (working breakdowns and complete breakdowns) and two-stage service is considered, where breakdowns only occur in the first-stage service. During working breakdowns, customers are served at a reduced service rate. Once the system becomes empty, the server starts multiple vacations and resumes the first-stage service upon vacation completion. First, the steady-state probabilities of the system are derived by using the generating function method, and some performance measures are obtained. To validate the model’s reliability, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is employed for computational verification. For cost optimization, the fish school search (FSS) algorithm are utilized to identify optimal solutions. Then, based on the linear reward-cost structure, residual reward and social welfare functions are formulated to analyze customers' equilibrium joining probabilities and socially optimal probabilities. Finally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to illustrate the impacts of system parameters on customers' joining probabilities and optimal social welfare.

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